解读redux工作原理
1. 前言
随着WEB应用变得越来越复杂,再加上node前后端分离越来越流行,那么对数据流动的控制就显得越发重要。redux是在flux的基础上产生的,基本思想是保证数据的单向流动,同时便于控制、使用、测试。
redux不依赖于任意框架(库),只要subscribe相应框架(库)的内部方法,就可以使用该应用框架保证数据流动的一致性。
那么如何使用redux呢?下面一步步进行解析,并带有源码说明,不仅做到知其然,还要做到知其所以然。
2. 主干逻辑介绍(createStore)
2.1 简单demo入门
先来一个直观的认识:
// 首先定义一个改变数据的plain函数,成为reducer
function count (state, action) {
var defaultState = {
year: 2015,
};
state = state || defaultState;
switch (action.type) {
case 'add':
return {
year: state.year + 1
};
case 'sub':
return {
year: state.year - 1
}
default :
return state;
}
}
// store的创建
var createStore = require('redux').createStore;
var store = createStore(count);
// store里面的数据发生改变时,触发的回调函数
store.subscribe(function () {
console.log('the year is: ', store.getState().year);
});
// action: 触发state改变的唯一方法(按照redux的设计思路)
var action1 = { type: 'add' };
var action2 = { type: 'add' };
var action3 = { type: 'sub' };
// 改变store里面的方法
store.dispatch(action1); // 'the year is: 2016
store.dispatch(action2); // 'the year is: 2017
store.dispatch(action3); // 'the year is: 2016
2.2 挖掘createStore实现
为了说明主要问题,仅列出其中的关键代码,全部代码,可以点击这里阅读。
a 首先看createStore到底都返回的内容:
export default function createStore(reducer, initialState) {
...
return {
dispatch,
subscribe,
getState,
replaceReducer
}
}
每个属性的含义是:
- dispatch: 用于action的分发,改变store里面的state
- subscribe: 注册listener,store里面state发生改变后,执行该listener
- getState: 读取store里面的state
- replaceReducer: 替换reducer,改变state修改的逻辑
b 关键代码解析
export default function createStore(reducer, initialState) {
// 这些都是闭包变量
var currentReducer = reducer
var currentState = initialState
var listeners = []
var isDispatching = false;
// 返回当前的state
function getState() {
return currentState
}
// 注册listener,同时返回一个取消事件注册的方法
function subscribe(listener) {
listeners.push(listener)
var isSubscribed = true
return function unsubscribe() {
if (!isSubscribed) {
return
}
isSubscribed = false
var index = listeners.indexOf(listener)
listeners.splice(index, 1)
}
}
// 通过action该改变state,然后执行subscribe注册的方法
function dispatch(action) {
try {
isDispatching = true
currentState = currentReducer(currentState, action)
} finally {
isDispatching = false
}
listeners.slice().forEach(listener => listener())
return action
}
// 替换reducer,修改state变化的逻辑
function replaceReducer(nextReducer) {
currentReducer = nextReducer
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.INIT })
}
// 初始化时,执行内部一个dispatch,得到初始state
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.INIT })
}
如果还按照2.1的方式进行开发,那跟flux没有什么大的区别,需要手动解决很多问题,那redux如何将整个流程模板化(Boilerplate)呢?
3. 保证store的唯一性
随着应用越来越大,一方面,不能把所有的数据都放到一个reducer里面,另一方面,为每个reducer创建一个store,后续store的维护就显得比较麻烦。如何将二者统一起来呢?
3.1 demo入手
通过combineReducers将多个reducer合并成一个rootReducer:
// 创建两个reducer: count year
function count (state, action) {
state = state || {count: 1}
switch (action.type) {
default:
return state;
}
}
function year (state, action) {
state = state || {year: 2015}
switch (action.type) {
default:
return state;
}
}
// 将多个reducer合并成一个
var combineReducers = require('redux').combineReducers;
var rootReducer = combineReducers({
count: count,
year: year,
});
// 创建store,跟2.1没有任何区别
var createStore = require('redux').createStore;
var store = createStore(rootReducer);
var util = require('util');
console.log(util.inspect(store));
//输出的结果,跟2.1的store在结构上不存在区别
// { dispatch: [Function: dispatch],
// subscribe: [Function: subscribe],
// getState: [Function: getState],
// replaceReducer: [Function: replaceReducer]
// }
3.2 源码解析combineReducers
// 高阶函数,最后返回一个reducer
export default function combineReducers(reducers) {
// 提出不合法的reducers, finalReducers就是一个闭包变量
var finalReducers = pick(reducers, (val) => typeof val === 'function')
// 将各个reducer的初始state均设置为undefined
var defaultState = mapValues(finalReducers, () => undefined)
// 一个总reducer,内部包含子reducer
return function combination(state = defaultState, action) {
var finalState = mapValues(finalReducers, (reducer, key) => {
var previousStateForKey = state[key]
var nextStateForKey = reducer(previousStateForKey, action)
hasChanged = hasChanged || nextStateForKey !== previousStateForKey
return nextStateForKey
);
return hasChanged ? finalState : state
}
}
4. 自动实现dispatch
4.1 demo介绍
在2.1中,要执行state的改变,需要手动dispatch:
var action = { type: '***', payload: '***'};
dispatch(action);
手动dispatch就显得啰嗦了,那么如何自动完成呢?
var bindActionCreators = require('redux').bindActionCreators;
// 可以在具体的应用框架隐式进行该过程(例如react-redux的connect组件中)
bindActionCreators(action)
4.2 源码解析
// 隐式实现dispatch
function bindActionCreator(actionCreator, dispatch) {
return (...args) => dispatch(actionCreator(...args))
}
export default function bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) {
if (typeof actionCreators === 'function') {
return bindActionCreator(actionCreators, dispatch)
}
return mapValues(actionCreators, actionCreator =>
bindAQctionCreator(actionCreator, dispatch)
)
}
5. 支持插件 - 对dispatch的改造
5.1 插件使用demo
一个action可以是同步的,也可能是异步的,这是两种不同的情况, dispatch执行的时机是不一样的:
// 同步的action creator, store可以默认实现dispatch
function add() {
return { tyle: 'add' }
}
dispatch(add());
// 异步的action creator,因为异步完成的时间不确定,只能手工dispatch
function fetchDataAsync() {
return function (dispatch) {
requst(url).end(function (err, res) {
if (err) return dispatch({ type: 'SET_ERR', payload: err});
if (res.status === 'success') {
dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_SUCCESS', payload: res.data });
}
})
}
}
下面的问题就变成了,如何根据实际情况实现不同的dispatch方法,也即是根据需要实现不同的moddleware:
// 普通的dispatch创建方法
var store = createStore(reducer, initialState);
console.log(store.dispatch);
// 定制化的dispatch
var applyMiddleware = require('redux').applyMiddleware;
// 实现action异步的middleware
var thunk = requre('redux-thunk');
var store = applyMiddleware([thunk])(createStore);
// 经过处理的dispatch方法
console.log(store.dispatch);
5.2 源码解析
// next: 其实就是createStore
export default function applyMiddleware(...middlewares) {
return (next) => (reducer, initialState) => {
var store = next(reducer, initialState)
var dispatch = store.dispatch
var chain = []
var middlewareAPI = {
getState: store.getState,
dispatch: (action) => dispatch(action)
}
chain = middlewares.map(middleware => middleware(middlewareAPI))
dispatch = compose(...chain)(store.dispatch)
return {
...store,
dispatch // 实现新的dispatch方法
}
}
}
// 再看看redux-thunk的实现, next就是store里面的上一个dispatch
function thunkMiddleware({ dispatch, getState }) {
return function(next) {
return function(action) {
typeof action === 'function' ? action(dispatch, getState) : next(action);
}
}
return next => action =>
typeof action === 'function' ?
action(dispatch, getState) :
next(action);
}
6. 与react框架的结合
6.1 基本使用
目前已经有现成的工具react-redux
来实现二者的结合:
var rootReducers = combineReducers(reducers);
var store = createStore(rootReducers);
var Provider = require('react-redux').Provider;
// App 为上层的Component
class App extend React.Component{
render() {
return (
<Provier store={store}>
<Container />
</Provider>
);
}
}
// Container作用: 1. 获取store中的数据; 2.将dispatch与actionCreator结合起来
var connect = require('react-redux').connect;
var actionCreators = require('...');
// MyComponent是与redux无关的组件
var MyComponent = require('...');
function select(state) {
return {
count: state.count
}
}
export default connect(select, actionCreators)(MyComponent)
6.2 Provider – 提供store
React通过Context属性,可以将属性(props)直接给子孙component,无须通过props层层传递, Provider仅仅起到获得store,然后将其传递给子孙元素而已:
export default class Provider extends Component {
getChildContext() { // getChildContext: 将store传递给子孙component
return { store: this.store }
}
constructor(props, context) {
super(props, context)
this.store = props.store
}
componentWillReceiveProps(nextProps) {
const { store } = this
const { store: nextStore } = nextProps
if (store !== nextStore) {
warnAboutReceivingStore()
}
}
render() {
let { children } = this.props
return Children.only(children)
}
}
6.3 connect – 获得store及dispatch(actionCreator)
connect是一个高阶函数,首先传入mapStateToProps、mapDispatchToProps,然后返回一个生产Component
的函数(wrapWithConnect),然后再将真正的Component作为参数传入wrapWithConnect(MyComponent),这样就生产出一个经过包裹的Connect组件,该组件具有如下特点:
- 通过this.context获取祖先Component的store
- props包括stateProps、dispatchProps、parentProps,合并在一起得到
nextState
,作为props传给真正的Component - componentDidMount时,添加事件this.store.subscribe(this.handleChange),实现页面交互
- shouldComponentUpdate时判断是否有避免进行渲染,提升页面性能,并得到nextState
- componentWillUnmount时移除注册的事件this.handleChange
- 在非生产环境下,带有热重载功能
主要的代码逻辑:
export default function connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps, mergeProps, options = {}) {
return function wrapWithConnect(WrappedComponent) {
class Connect extends Component {
constructor(props, context) {
// 从祖先Component处获得store
this.store = props.store || context.store
this.stateProps = computeStateProps(this.store, props)
this.dispatchProps = computeDispatchProps(this.store, props)
this.state = { storeState: null }
// 对stateProps、dispatchProps、parentProps进行合并
this.updateState()
}
shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps, nextState) {
// 进行判断,当数据发生改变时,Component重新渲染
if (propsChanged || mapStateProducedChange || dispatchPropsChanged) {
this.updateState(nextProps)
return true
}
}
componentDidMount() {
// 改变Component的state
this.store.subscribe(() = {
this.setState({
storeState: this.store.getState()
})
})
}
render() {
// 生成包裹组件Connect
return (
<WrappedComponent {...this.nextState} />
)
}
}
Connect.contextTypes = {
store: storeShape
}
return Connect;
}
}